| The languages we speak don't just shape the way we communicate; they also influence how we perceive and understand the world, including something as fundamental as time. The direction in which a language is written, for example, can affect how we think about and refer to the passage of time. Because English speakers write from left to right, we tend to visualize the timeline of life to death from left to right, and describe the past and future as being "behind" us and "in front" of us, respectively — we say "looking forward" to the future and "looking back" at the past. However, speakers of Aymara, an Indigenous language of the Andes, perceive the past as lying ahead of them, because it's known and visible, while the unseen, unpredictable future remains behind them. Meanwhile, Mandarin has adopted a vertical view of time. Speakers of this language often refer to past events as "up" and future events as "down" — next week, then, becomes "down week." Researchers have long been interested in our metaphorical manipulation of languages — "spending time" or "feeling down," for example — and whether the way we talk about abstract concepts does indeed shape how we think about them. These nuances fall under the umbrella of linguistic relativity: the thought that the language we speak influences our reality. But some critics argue that this theory — also known as the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis — overstates the influence of language on thought. They argue that while language can indeed shape our perceptions, it does not rigidly determine how we think, or how we understand the world. | 
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