Over the course of two weeks in the fall of 1896, some 75,000 people stepped onto the curious contraption stationed at Coney Island's Old Iron Pier. Initially created by engineer Jesse Reno for use in the New York City subway system, the "inclined elevator" carried people on a conveyor belt-type platform, at an angle of 25 degrees, to a height of 6 or 7 feet from the ground. Although it lacked individual steps, the inclined elevator featured accompanying handrails and shallow platform grooves that allowed it to pass seamlessly through a pronged top landing, making it the first working escalator.
Reno wasn't the first to muse on a means for automatically moving people to higher floors. In 1859, lawyer and inventor Nathan Ames obtained a patent for his "Revolving Stairs," which he proposed could be made from wood or metal, and powered by steam, weights, or hand. In other words, it was more of a fanciful concept than an invention with a clear path to becoming a reality, and the idea was left to gather dust. Thirty years later, amateur engineer Leamon Souder followed suit with a patent for his "Stairway," a series of steps pushed at an incline along an "endless propelling-belt." While more practical than Ames' creation, Souder's Stairway was also never built, leaving Reno to claim the glory after patenting his version in 1892.
While Reno's business lifted off with the installation of four of his inclined elevators in New York City's Siegel Cooper Department Store in 1896, he soon faced stiff competition from inventor Charles Seeberger. Having purchased a patent from explorer George Wheeler, Seeberger coined the term "escalator" and teamed with the Otis Elevator Company to develop a new and improved model. Similar to today's versions with steps that emerged from the bottom and flattened at the top landing, the prototype wowed onlookers at the 1900 Paris Exposition. By 1920, Otis had absorbed both Seeberger's and Reno's patents and installed 350 escalators around the world, the moving stairway now well past the point of spectacle and clearly established as a mode of casual transportation for modern city-dwellers. |
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